Overview: Integrated and deregulated power system. Real-time operation: SCADA. Energy management system, various data acquisition devices, wide area monitoring, protection and control. Application functions: state estimation; short term load forecasting; unit commitment, economic dispatch, optimal power flow. Frequency control: Generation and turbine governors, droop, frequency sensitivity of loads, area control error, automatic generation control and coordination, frequency collapse and emergency load shed. Power system security: Static and dynamic security constraints. Electricity market operation, bidding, spot market, social welfare, market clearing price, locational marginal price, bilateral contracts and forward market, hedging. Demand side control: Distribution and demand side management system, smart grid concept.
